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Romania's administration is relatively centralised and administrative subdivisions are therefore fairly simplified. According to the Constitution of Romania, its territory is organized administratively into communes, towns and counties:〔Constitution of Romania, (Title I, article 3 )〕 * At the county level: 41 counties, and one city with special status (Bucharest, the national capital) * At the town/commune level: 103 municipalities and 217 other cities (for urban areas), and 2856 communes (for rural areas).〔 Municipality ''(municipiu)'' status is accorded to larger towns, but it does not give their administrations any greater powers. Below communal or town level, there are no further formal administrative subdivisions. However, communes are divided into villages (which have no administration of their own). There are 12,955 villages in Romania. The only exception is Bucharest, which has six sectors, each with an administration of its own. ==Historic== (詳細はWallachia, respectively ''ținuturi'' of Moldavia, dates back at least to the early 15th century. Each ''județ'', respectively ''ținut'', was ruled by a ''jude'', respectively ''pârcălab'', an officially appointed person who had administrative and judicial functions in a manner inspired from the organization of the late Byzantine Empire. Transylvania, when it was part of the historic Kingdom of Hungary (in the Middle Ages), an independent Principality or a Habsburg domain (in the modern era until World War I) was divided into royal counties (Latin:''comitatus''), headed by ''comes'' (royal counts) with administrative and judicial functions. The term ''județ'' became used in Romanian universally for all principalities since mid-19th century. After modern Romania was formed in 1859 through the union of Wallachia and rump Moldavia, and then extended in 1918 through the union of Transylvania, as well as Bukovina and Bessarabia (parts of Moldavia temporarily acquired by the Habsburgs, 1775–1918, respectively the Russian Tsars, 1812–1917), the administrative division was modernized using the French departments system as an example. With the exception of the half of the Communist period, this system remained in place. Since 1864, for each ''județ'' there exists a ''prefect'' (from the Latin ''praefectus''), a subordinate of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, who is the representative of the government in the county, and the head of the local administration in the areas not delegated to local authorities.〔 Until 1948, each ''județ'' was further divided into a number of ''plăși'' (singular ''plasă''), with each administered by a ''pretor'' (from the Latin ''praetor''), appointed by the ''prefect''.〔 In 1913, as a result of the Second Balkan War, Romania acquired Southern Dobruja from Bulgaria, integrating this historical region within Romania's borders until 1940. In 1923 Romania adopted a new Constitution, and in 1927 it uniformized the traditional administrative systems of Transylvania, Bukovina and Bessarabia with that of the Romanian Old Kingdom. County borders were kept largely intact, with only a couple minor adjustments, as a total of 71 județe existed between 1927 and 1938. In 1938, King Carol II modified the Constitution, and after that the law of administration of the Romanian territory. Ten "ținuturi" (approx. translation: "lands") were created, ruled by "Rezidenți Regali" (approx. translation "Royal Residents"), appointed directly by the Monarch. The ținuturi represented another layer of administration between counties and the country; county borders were not erased.〔〔 Ioan Scurtu, Theodora Stănescu-Stanciu, Georgiana Margareta Scurtu, (''Istoria românilor între anii 1918-1940: VIII. Viața politică în perioada februarie 1938-septembrie 1940'' ("The History of the Romanians in 1918-1940): IV. Political Life in the February 1938-September 1940 Period" ):("Decret-lege pentru reforma electorală" ("Law Decree for Electoral Reform") ) 〕 But, due to World War II, the Second Vienna Award, the Ribbentrop-Molotov pact and the loss of territory that Romania suffered, this style of administration did not last, the administration at the "județ" level being reintroduced back until the establishment of communism in 1945-1947. During World War II, the territory of Romania suffered very significant modifications. In 1940, Soviet Union occupied Bessarabia, northern Bukovina, and Herza region which after the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, would become part of Republic of Moldova and of Ukraine. Between 1941-1944, these territories together with Transnistria, were administered by Romania briefly, as the country was governed by a military dictatorship allied with Nazi Germany. Transnistria consisted of formerly proper Soviet territory between Dniester and Southern Bug rivers. Nowadays, most of it is in Ukraine, with small parts in the Republic of Moldova (current Transnistria). This territory was kept under Romanian military occupation, and was not annexed to Romania consisted of a further 13 counties. After the war, the Communist Party took over the administration of the country. In 1950, the party changed the administration model to the Russian model (regions and raions), but it reverted to the current system in 1968, although county borders were quite different from the interbelic period. In 1981 the former counties of Ilfov and Ialomița were re-organised into the present-day counties of Giurgiu, Călărași, Ialomița and Ilfov. The county borders introduced in 1968 are largely in place, but administrative reform during the 1990s has devolved the functions of different authorities in line with transition from a totalitarian communist system to a modern democracy. The only territorial adjustment after 1989 occurred in 1995, when Ilfov County was formed. Before that it was a dependency of the (Municipality of Bucharest ) (''Sectorul Agricol Ilfov''). 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Administrative divisions of Romania」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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